Tuesday, February 2, 2010

Chapter 26 [final half]

[What Amadis must do to rescue the damsel, and who he meets in the castle.]

[The Ambassador's Hall of the Nazaríes Palace (left) and the towers of the Alcazaba Fortress (right), of the Alhambra, in Granada, Spain. Photo by Cindy Van Vreede.]

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Amadis rode for a long while in the countryside, making his horse suffer more than it deserved. Eventually he heard a horn, and he went in that direction, hoping that he would find the knight there. Soon he spied a beautiful, well-guarded fortress in front of him on a high, isolated hill. When he arrived, he saw tall walls and strong towers, and the gate was tightly closed. The guards saw him and asked him what kind of man he was traveling armed at that hour.

"I am a knight," he said.

"And what do ye seek?" they asked from up on the wall.

"I seek a knight who took a damsel from me," he said.

"We did not see him," they said from up on the wall.

Amadis went around the castle, and on the other side he found a small open gate and saw the knight who had taken the damsel. He was on foot, and his men were removing the saddle from his horse, which would not fit into the doorway otherwise. Amadis, knowing it was him, said:

"My lord knight, wait a bit and do not go inside before telling me if ye were the one who took a damsel from me."

"If I took her, ye guarded her poorly," he said.

"Ye stole her from me by force and guile," Amadis said. "It would not have been so easy otherwise, and surely ye did no courtesy nor won any fame as a knight."

The knight told him:

"My friend, I have the damsel, who wished to come with me of her own free will. I insist that I did not force her."

"My lord knight," Amadis said, "show her to me, and if she says so, I shall cease to ask for her."

"I shall show you her tomorrow inside here, if ye wish to enter according to the custom of the castle."

"And what custom is this?"

"Tomorrow they shall tell you, and do not take it lightly if ye venture for her."

"If I were to wish to see her now, would they let me in?"

"No," the knight said, "because it is night. But if you wait until day, we shall see what they can do here." And he went inside and shut the gate.

Amadis went off into some trees, where he dismounted and spoke with Gandalin about many things until morning. When the sun rose, he saw the gate open, so he mounted his horse and approached it. He saw a fully armed knight there on a large horse. The gatekeeper told him:

"My lord knight, do ye wish to enter here?"

"I do," Amadis said. "That is why I have come here."

"Then first I shall tell you the custom, so that ye may not complain," the gatekeeper said. "I tell you that as soon as ye enter, ye must fight this knight, and if he defeats you, ye must swear to obey the lady of this castle, and if not, they shall throw you into a vile prison. And even if ye win, ye may not leave but must continue forward to where ye shall find another gate with two more knights. And further on, another two knights, and ye must fight all of them the same as the first, and if ye are so skilled that you comport yourself honorably, besides gaining great fame at arms, ye shall have the right to what ye seek."

"Surely," Amadis said, "if ye speak the truth, this place carries a high price for those who come here, but be it as it may, I still wish to see the damsel that they have here, if I can."

Then he entered the gate of the castle. The knight shouted for him to protect himself and charged at him, and Amadis at the knight. Their lances struck each others' shields, and the knight broke his lance. Amadis put him on the ground so bravely that he broke his right arm. Amadis came over him, put his lance on his chest, and said:

"Ye are dead if ye do not grant your defeat."

The knight said:

"My lord, mercy," and showed him his broken arm. Amadis passed him by and went forward, and saw another gate with two armed men, who told him:

"Enter, knight, if ye wish to fight with us. If not, ye are captive."

"Truly," he said, "I would fight before willfully becoming as a prisoner."

He covered himself with his shield, lowered his lance, and charged at them, and they at him. One missed with his blow, but the other struck Amadis, pierced his shield, hit his left arm, and broke his lance into pieces. Amadis struck him so hard that he threw both the knight and his horse on the ground, and the knight was knocked so senseless by the fall that he did not know where he was.

Amadis charged at the other, who was still on his horse, and though his lance had no iron tip, which had remained in the shield of the other knight, he struck him on the helmet and took it from his head, while the knight struck Amadis on the edge of his shield at an angle such that the blow had no consequence and the lance was unharmed.

They put their hands on their swords and gave each other great blows, then Amadis told him:

"Truly, knight, it is madness to fight with your head disarmed."

"I shall guard my head better than ye shall guard yours," he said.

"Now we shall see," Amadis said.

Then he hit him on the shield with such a fierce blow that the sword passed through it, and the knight lost his stirrups and fell. Amadis, seeing that he was in trouble, struck him on the head with the side of his sword, stunning him, then put his hand on his shoulder and said:

"Knight, ye protected your head poorly, and ye would have lost it had I given ye a proper blow."

The knight let his sword fall from his hand and said, "I do not wish to lose my body over more madness, since ye have given it to me once already. Go forward."

Amadis asked for the knight's lance, which lay on the ground, and he gave it to him. When he arrived at the next gate, he saw ladies and damsels up on the castle wall and heard them say:

"If this knight goes over the drawbridge in spite of the three, he will have achieved the greatest knighthood in the world!"

Then three well-armed knights came out at him on large and beautiful horses, and one of them told him:

"Knight, become our prisoner or swear that ye shall obey the lady of the castle."

"I shall not be prisoner, as long as I can defend myself," Amadis said, "and I do not know what the will of the lady is."

"Then protect yourself," they said.

And together they came at him so bravely that they almost knocked him off his horse. Amadis struck one so fiercely that he put the iron tip of the lance into his ribs, and there he broke his lance just as the others broke theirs on him. They put their hands on their swords and attacked so fiercely that those who watched could only marvel, for the three knights were valiant and accomplished at arms, and he whom they had before them did not wish any shame on himself.

The battle was brave but it did not last long, for Amadis, showing his strength, gave them such blows that his sword reached their flesh and heads. Soon he had them to a point where they could take no more and they fled to the castle, with him in pursuit. When he reached them, one of them dismounted, and Amadis told him:

"Do not dismount, for I shall not let you go unless ye declare defeat."

"Truly, my lord, I shall do that willingly," he said. "All those who have fought you ought to do so after what ye have done."

And he gave him his sword. Amadis returned it and went after the others, and saw them enter a great hall. At its doorway he saw at least twenty ladies and damsels, and the most beautiful of them said:

"Stay, my lord knight, for ye have accomplished much."

Amadis stopped and said:

"My lady, have them grant that they were defeated."

"And what does it matter to you?"

"Because they told me at the gate that I needed to kill or defeat them, and in no other way shall I receive what is my right."

"But they told you," the lady said, "that if ye were to enter here in spite of them, that they would grant you the right to what ye seek, so now say what ye would wish."

"I seek the damsel that a knight took from me on a riverbank while I slept and brought her to this castle against her will."

"Be seated now," she said, "and the knight shall come and speak for himself and ye for yourself, and each one shall have his chance. Dismount for a while until the knight comes."

Amadis got off his horse and the lady had him sit beside her, and she said:

"Do ye know a knight named Amadis?"

"Why do ye ask?" he said.

"Because all the guards that ye see at this castle are placed against him. And I tell ye well that if he were to enter, he would not leave here by any means until he went back something that he promised."

"And what was this?" he said.

"I shall tell ye," the lady said, "if ye promise that ye shall use all your power to make him break his promise, whether by arms or by other means, for he did not do it rightly."

Amadis said:

"I tell you, my lady, that anything that Amadis may have promised, I shall try make him end in any way I can with all my strength."

She, who did not understand why he said that, said:

"Then know ye, my lord knight, that this Amadis whom I have spoken of to you promised Angriote d'Estravaus that he would make me be his lover, and this is the promise I want you to make him break, since such a bond should be made voluntarily and not by force, as God and reason both wish it to be done."

"Truly," Amadis said, "ye are right, and if I can, I shall make him end it."

The lady thanked him very much. But he was not less happy, because by carrying out his promise he would end it.

"And by chance," he said, "are ye, my lady, she whom Angriote loves?"

"My lord," she said, "I am."

"Truly, my lady," he said, "I hold Angriote to be one of the best knights in the world, and to my thinking, no well-bred lady would fail to esteem such a knight, and I say that not to go back on what I promised, instead I say it because he is a better knight than the one who made that promise."
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Thursday, January 28, 2010

Xacobeo 2010

Now is when, Galicia is where.

[Apostles in the Pórtico da Gloria of the Catedral de Santiago de Compostela. Photo by Pedronchi.]

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You can't understand medieval Europe without understanding the Way of St. James, el Camino de Santiago — a medieval institution that you can still be part of. This pilgrimage route through northern Spain became the "main street" of Europe in the 12th and 13th centuries, when up to a quarter million people traveled the Camino each year to the city of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia, the northwest region of Spain.

"Santiago" means "Saint James." Legend says that the Apostle St. James the Great preached in Iberia. After he returned to Jerusalem, he was beheaded, then his body was taken to Spain in a stone boat and buried in a necropolis eventually called Compostela. Sometime between 820 and 830 AD, his body was rediscovered by a hermit following a star. Soon St. James began appearing as a knight to aid Christian forces in their reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula from the Moors.

A church was built over his remains, eventually a basilica, and finally a massive cathedral. Pilgrimages began in the 10th century. In the 11th century, they were promoted by Iberian kings and religious leaders including Archbishop Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela, various Popes, and the French Benedictine Abbey of Cluny.

Churches, monasteries, hospitals, hostels, refuges, souvenir sales, and other services for pilgrims were created in Spain. Many still exist. New towns were founded, and cities were expanded. The military Orders of Saint John, Saint James, and the Knights Templar protected pilgrims.

Most important of all, people from across Europe met on the Camino and exchanged ideas about developments in Romanesque and Gothic architecture, Carolingian script, Gregorian Reform church rites, art, and sculpture. The presence of more than 300 troubadours has been documented, and they brought tales of chivalry from France to Iberia, where they took hold.

Centuries later, the pilgrimage was slowed and nearly eliminated by political events including the Protestant Reformation, the Napoleonic invasion of Spain, and subsequent wars. The Camino was revived in the final decades of the 20th century.

Since the 15th century, a Holy Year for the pilgrimage occurs when the Feast of St. James, July 25, falls on a Sunday. Pilgrims can receive special Indulgences. In Spain, the Jacobean year is known by its Galician name: Xacabeo. This year, 2010, is a Xacabeo. Santiago de Compostela is prepared for hundreds of thousands of pilgrims and millions of visitors. The next Xacabeo will be in 2021.

The pilgrimage is open to people of all faiths or lack thereof. You must travel at least 100 km by foot or horseback or 200 km by bicycle to Santiago de Compostela to be certified as a pilgrim. It takes about a month to hike from the French border.

The route is marked by yellow arrows or a scallop shell whose groves come together to point the way. But there is no official Camino. You can leave your home and just start walking. Any route you take is a pilgrim's path.

Still, it pays to take a traditional route. First, you'll enjoy an infrastructure of services and accommodations, many at modest prices. Second, you can visit medieval churches and cross medieval bridges erected just for you, the pilgrim.

Many excellent websites offer information about the Way of St. James. Here are a few:
http://santiagoturismo.com
http://turismocastillayleon.com
http://www.xacobeo.es/en
http://caminosantiago.org
http://caminodesantiago.consumer.es
http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=2201125699

You will be told by every site you visit that Galicia is beautiful and green, its food is delicious, its culture is delightful, the history of the Camino is fascinating, and the Cathedral of Santiago is moving. They will say that rain is an art form in Galicia and that the stones speak. I've been there. It's all true.
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Tuesday, January 19, 2010

Chapter 26 [first half]

Which recounts what happened to Amadis as he chased after the damsel that the knight was carrying off and mistreating.

[The duel between Islan the Monk and Volker the Minstrel from Rosengarten zu Worms, a 13th-century German chivalric epic.]

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Amadis chased after the knight who was carrying off the damsel by force and mistreating her. He galloped a long way to try to catch them, but before he could, he met another armed knight on horseback who said:

"What great concern do ye have that ye are in such a hurry to get there?"

"What does it matter to you if I go fast or slow?" Amadis said.

"If ye are fleeing someone, I ought to help you."

"I do not need your protection now," Amadis said.

The knight took the bridle of Amadis's horse and said:

"Ye should tell me, or ye are in battle."

"I would be more pleased at that," Amadis said, "because it would take longer for me to tell you than to get you out of my way. With your behavior, I think I could not tell you anything without ye wishing to know even more."

The knight drew back and then came at him as fast as his horse could go, and Amadis came at him. The knight struck him squarely on the shield and his lance few to pieces, but Amadis hit him so hard that he knocked him to the ground with his horse on top of him, and the knight's leg was so badly injured that he could hardly get up.

Amadis went past him on the road. This was the knight who would soon set loose Sir Galaor's horse.

Amadis traveled so fast that he caught up with the knight who was carrying off the damsel, and said:

"Ye have been behaving discourteously for a long time, and now I ask ye to stop."

"And what discourtesy am I doing?" the knight said.

"The worst ye could do," Amadis said, "for ye carried off a damsel by force and even injured her."

"It seems that ye wish to tell me what to do," the knight said.

"I do not. I am only telling you what is in your own good."

"I think it would be good for you to go back to where ye came from."

Amadis became angry and approached the squire, saying:

"Set the damsel free. If not, ye are dead."

The squire, in fear, put her on the ground. The knight said:

"Lowly knight, ye are mad."

"Now we shall see," Amadis said.

And lowering their lances, they struck each other such that both lances were broken and the other knight went to the ground, but he got up as fast as he fell. Amadis came at him planning to hit him with the chest of his horse. The other knight said:

"Stay, my lord, for although I was discourteous, ye should not be. Have mercy on me."

"Then swear," Amadis said, "that ye shall not force neither lady nor damsel to do anything against her will."

"Very willingly," the knight said.

Amadis approached to take his oath, and the knight, who had his sword in his hand, used it to slash the belly of Amadis's horse and make it fall. Amadis quickly jumped off, put his hand on his sword, and charged at the knight with extraordinary fury. The knight told him:

"Now I shall make you see that ye came at a bad moment."

Amadis was too angry to respond, but he hit him on the helmet under the visor and cut so deeply that the sword reached flesh and cut off his nose and half his face, and the knight fell. But Amadis, not content, cut off his head.

He put his sword in its scabbard and went to the damsel. It was now well into night and the moon shown brightly. She told him:

"My lord knight, may God grant you honor for the help ye have given me, and more if ye finish your help and take me where I wish to go, though now is not the time to begin any trip for any reason."

"Damsel," he said, "I shall take ye anywhere willingly."

At this moment, Gandalin arrived, and Amadis told him:

"Give me the horse of that knight, since he killed mine, and take the damsel with thee on thy palfrey, and let us travel to wherever she guides us."

And so they left that road to take another that the damsel knew. Amadis asked her if she knew the name of the dead knight under the tree at the crossroads. She said she did, and told him everything about him and his death, which she knew well. By then they had arrived at a riverbank, and since it was midnight and the damsel felt very sleepy, at her request they agreed to rest there a while. They dismounted and laid out Gandalin's cloak for her to sleep on. Amadis laid down with his helmet under his head near her, and Gandalin on her other side.

While they were sleeping, as ye have heard, a knight happened to arrive coming upriver, and when he saw them, he leaned over while on his horse and put the handle of his lance between the arms of the damsel to wake her up. When she saw the armed knight, she thought it was the one protecting her, and she got up sleepily and said:

"My lord, do ye wish to go?"

"I do," said the knight.

"In the name of God," she said.

The knight leaned down, took her by the arm, put her ahead of himself on the horse, and began to leave.

"What is this?" she said. "It would be better for the squire to take me."

"He shall not," he said, "since ye wished to go with me."

She looked around and saw Amadis sleeping soundly, and shouted:

"Oh, my lord, save me, for someone I do not know is taking me!"

The knight spurred his horse and left with her as fast as he could. Amadis awoke at the shouts of the damsel and saw that the knight was taking her away. He was distressed to see it. He quickly shouted to Gandalin to bring him his horse while he laced on his helmet and took up his shield and lance. He mounted and rode in the direction he had seen the other knight go, but he did not get far before he found himself in a thick woods where he lost the road.

He did not know where to go, but as he was the knight most true to his word in the world, he grew angry at himself and said:

"Now I say that the damsel could well claim that I did her as much harm as good, for if I defended her against one rapist, I let her fall into the hands of another."
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Thursday, January 14, 2010

Summary, Chapters 21 to 25

A reprise of the most recent adventures of the greatest knight in the world.

[A 14th century manuscript initial depicting Edward III of England with his son the Black Prince kneeling in front of him.]

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Amadis and Princess Oriana are secretly in love, so to be near her, he has placed himself at the service of her mother, Queen Brisena, wife of King Lisuarte of Great Britain. The Queen sent him to search for his long-lost brother Galaor in Chapter 17. Amadis has had many adventures during his travels; meanwhile, so has Galaor and other characters in the novel. Intertwining plot-lines are a standard feature of medieval stories.

You can find a synopsis of Chapters 0 to 20 here, and a list of the major characters here.

Chapter 21

A knight tricks Galaor out of his horse, so Galaor catches up with him and kills him. However, a damsel in league with the knight then tricks Galaor into granting her a boon in revenge, and she travels with him, insulting him continuously.

Amadis sees a mysterious carriage being drawn through a field near a castle and defeats the knights guarding it to see what is inside: the marble coffin of a king with his crown and head split in half, along with a beautiful girl, and a lady who is understandably angry with Amadis. He leaves, but later the lady sends a knight to ask him to come to her castle so she can make amends.

But that turns out to be a trick. The lady's knights attack Amadis. Although he fights valiantly, he would have been defeated, but the beautiful girl releases two lions to frighten his attackers, and he escapes and closes the gate, leaving the lions loose inside the castle. The girl persuades Amadis to open the gate to let the lions out, and the whole thing turns out to be a test to find a knight brave enough to avenge the beautiful girl's father's death. He was a king who was killed by his brother, who split his head with the crown on it in half and took over his kingdom. The girl barely escaped to the protection of her aunt, the lady. Amadis agrees to return in a year to win back the girl's kingdom for her.

Chapter 22

Amadis rides off, but soon he encounters an armed knight, riding with a damsel, who attacks a dwarf who had become Amadis's vassal in Chapter 19. Amadis defends the dwarf, but the other knight as as strong and skilled as he is, and the fight goes on for hours. Then another knight, Balais, comes along and talks with the damsel. It turns out that the damsel is the niece of the Sorcerer Arcalaus. Amadis had fought him in Chapters 18 and 19 and freed many knights and men from Arcalaus's hellish prison. The damsel has demanded a boon from Galaor: to give her the head of the dwarf. She hopes that Amadis and Galaor will kill each other in the fight. With their helmets on, they don't recognize each other.

Balais, however, is one of the knights Amadis had freed from the prison, so as thanks, he draws his sword, lops of the damsel's head, makes Amadis and Galaor stop fighting, and takes them to his castle to recover from their wounds.

Chapter 23

The knights Galvanes, Agrajes, and Olivas arrive at Windsor Palace. Agrajes talks to Princess Olinda of Norway, his secret love, and other people catch up on news. As dinner is about to begin, the knight Angriote arrives; he had fought with Amadis in Chapter 18 but then turned into a loyal ally; he brings some news about Amadis, which everyone is waiting for. Then the dwarf arrives to say that Amadis has found Galaor and will return to Windsor soon. There is much rejoicing.

Chapter 24

Amadis, Galor, and Balais set out for Windsor, and although Amadis had hoped for a quick and uneventful journey, they discover a murdered knight laid out beneath a tree. Galaor declares he will not leave until he finds out what has happened. While they are waiting, a knight rides past beating a damsel, and Amadis, always ready to help a damsel in distress, rides off after them. Then a knight comes and attacks Galaor's horse, and Balais rides off after that knight.

Galaor is alone with the corpse during the night, falls asleep, and awakes to find it gone. He starts hiking to try to find out what has happened and eventually finds the knight, named Antebon, laid out in the courtyard of a castle. He learns that a knight had kidnaped Antebon's daughter, then foully murdered Antebon to prove his valor. Galaor vows to avenge his death.

Chapter 25

Galaor goes to the murderous knight's castle and kills him. In gratitude, Antebon's daughter jumps into bed with Galaor. This sort of thing happens to Galaor a lot.
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